Oceans and climate change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Oceans and climate change - Essay Example However, these changes are not taking place uniformly. In fact, the poles have already experienced the greatest warming, and are expected to continue to warm more intensely as compared to other areas. This has resulted to loss of ice in the arctic regions. Consequently, this has resulted to increase of ocean volume and thus affecting the entire planet. The ocean has experienced an increase in temperatures due to climate change and this has affected the already existing conditions of the living things negatively. On the other hand, El Nià ±o and La Nina have contributed to changes in the oceans. The ocean is an essential aspect of understanding how climate change is affecting the planet. This is due to frequent fluctuation of the climate from cold to warm weather. This paper seeks to focus on the effects of climate changes and how this will affects or has affected the oceans and the people. Firstly, it is essential to note that about 71% of the land surface is covered with the oceans (New England Aquarium 1). These include Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic and Southern oceans. An ocean acts as the planet largest heat absorber (New England Aquarium 1). This means that as the ocean absorb, store and deliver large quantities of heat, the ocean buffer the climate of the planet (New England Aquarium 1). This means the change in the ocean has irreversible outcomes in future. The first impact of climate change on the ocean is the increase in the oceans levels. This is due to warming of water that in turn results to increased water volume. This is commonly known as thermal expansion. This expansion and warm temperature have resulted to sea rise due to extra water generated from the melting glaciers. Moreover, increased melting has been reported at the ice caps in Greenland and west Antarctica (New England Aquarium 1). This is projected to change one to two feet by 2100 (New England Aquarium 1). The

Economic Crisis in Argentina Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Economic Crisis in Argentina - Essay Example The government’s policies largely focused on addressing the human rights issues and ensuring independence of judiciary thereby strengthening the democratic process. These policies were very effective in increasing Alfonsin’s popularity. However, when the independent judiciary started to hinder the new government’s objectives, government abandoned the policy of judicial independence by promulgating laws such as ‘Full Stop Law’ and ‘Due Obedience Law’ (Tedesco, 2002, p. 472). These policies greatly decreased the popularity of government and provoked military rebellion, guerilla attacks and labour conflicts thereby weakening the government (Tedesco, 2002, p. 473). Hence, the increased confrontation between the labour class and government resulted in a failure of economic policy. Carlos Menem succeeded Alfonsin as president of the Latin American Republic. Menem tried to bring about a consensus between the labour class and the ruling elite an d was somewhat successful. However, he used the power earned from the political consensus to establish a hegemonic rule over the country. He restructured ‘the supreme court of justice’ and inducted his supporters and close aides as judges at the highest level. Similarly, the accountability courts or ‘the Tribunal de Cuentas’ was reformed with government friendly judges. These policies encouraged large-scale corruption by government officials. This resulted in a large scale economic unrest (Tedesco, 2002, p. 476). Different economic factors paved way to the grave economic crisis of Argentina. Alfonsin inherited a country with severe economic issues to be resolved. The government introduced a series of economic reforms including...This essay is one of the best examples of thorough retrospective analysis of the origin, transmission and cessation of the economic crisis in Argentina, with focus on the economic policies, that led to the overcoming of the crisis. The shift from dictatorship to ‘real’ democracy did not yield the anticipated results. Carlos Menen, the Argentinean President from 1989 to 1999, introduced reforms that proved catastrophic for the economy. His policy of privatizing the government owned corporations and encouraging foreign investment in banking and other sectors back-fired. Huge amount of funds were transferred overnight out of the country decreasing substantially the country’s foreign reserves. The government froze all the foreign currency accounts. But this move angered the country’s wealthy middle class. They deemed it as a violation of basic human rights and a pro-elitist policy Different economic factors paved way to the economic crisis of Argentina. The government introduced a series of economic reforms including introducing a new currency. The government has to take huge loans to support this move but could not pay the interest. This decreased the confidence in new currency. The economic bail-out packages offered by international monetary organizations contributed a little towards containing the situation. It was the people’s spirit and its recognition on the part of government that finally led Argentina out of the crisis. The country needs a political culture which strengthens democratic institutions.

The Themes of Antigone :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Themes of Antigone Antigone is credited as one of the best works of Sophocles, ranked by most modern critics above Oedipus the King. There are many aspects of Antigone that make it the play critics love to ramble about. â€Å"Antigone must be received as the canon of ancient tragedy: no tragedy of antiquity that we possess approaches it in pure idealism, or in harmony of artistic development† says one critic named Berhardy. Tragedy is usually concerned with a person of great stature, a king or nobleman, who falls because of hubris, or extreme pride and Antigone is no exception. Pride and its effects are a central part of Antigone’s plot and theme. Pride, being part of their character and morality, overran in to their literature and was a complex and multifaceted concept in Greek tragedy, exemplified by Sophocles’ Antigone. In the play both Creon and Antigone were incredibly proud and unwilling to back down once they took their stands. Creon had made a decision and was unwilling to compromise. Antigone was to die for her violation of the law, the sin of burying her brother. Antigone’s gender had a profound affect on the meaning of her actions. Creon had disliked for her disrespectful and rebelling nature. His need to defeat her was all the more pressing because she was a woman. â€Å"The ideal of the female character in Antigone is boldly and severely outlined. The freedom of Greek women was extremely limited and restrictive. Antigone’s rebellion is threatening because it upset the gender roles and hierarchy. Creon was a sympathetic character but abused his power. One of the purposes of the Chorus is to illustrate the sway of public opinion. In the end of the play, Creon is ruler over an orderly city, but he has lost everything dear to him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Closely related to the theme of gender, the theme of Inaction/Lack of Agency versus Agency plays itself out in the contrast between Antigone and her sister Ismene. Ismene chooses to do nothing under the threat of the law whereas Antigone chooses to act despite the possible penalties. Antigone and Creon are both championing what is right, but they define rightness through different sets of values. In Antigone, Creon finally recognized that he has been misguided and that his actions have led to the death of his wife and son. Antigone’s persistence in disobeying Creons decree falls under the themes of Individual verses State: Conscience versus Law: Moral or Divine Law versus Human Law.

How Students and Teachers Can Avoid and Prevent Plagiarism Essay

Plagiarism has been any and every writer’s concern, both in the scholarly and non scholarly sense. It is the dreaded term which implies various complications from those who choose to plagiarize, those plagiarized by accident, and those authors who are mere victims of such unfair treatment. From the students’ standpoint, great and keen consideration must be done in the process of how they choose to construct their ideas and write about a required topic. With the lenient accessibility of information within a click’s reach, plagiarism even gets more tempting. The Michigan Library Association (MLA) Forum (2008) adds â€Å"With the Internet offering students such a wealth of information at their fingertips, it is no surprise that one of the main reasons that they commit acts of plagiarism is simply due to how easy and convenient it has become† (n. p. ). Hence, students must understand the definitions and details of what plagiarism is and what to do and what not to do as a plagiaristic situation arises. Students always use plagiarism checker free. Students must maintain their academic responsibility as they fulfill the scholastic obligations. Students should be responsible in understanding and realizing other tools available to them as they fulfill certain literary requirements. The use of methods like proper paraphrasing, formal, and correct citing of references, being consistent to the requirements of a specific referencing style— plagiarism may be avoided given that all must be understood and well executed by the student. From the teachers’ standpoint, there are a series of issues which must be explained to the student. The clear discussion of what plagiarism is and the consequences it brings must be well and thoroughly comprehended by the students. Teachers should emphasis the valuable use and importance of the use of bibliography. As the Plagiarism. org (2008) writes: â€Å"Emphasize that the annotation has to be in their own voice and words, and should specifically discuss the relevance of the source to their research† (n. . ). Teachers should make themselves clear and specific in what they demand of their students. They should help exercise further the skills of their students such as by assigning the students to make a presentation which would enhance their research and idea conceptualization. It is also of beneficial importance for teachers to be creative in building their students’ skills in writing formal academic works.

Definition and Examples of Syntactic Hierarchy

Contrast Of Dividend Policies Of Indian Companies - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 13 Words: 3996 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? The Sub-continent has become the prime target for foreign direct investment. India ranks 6th among the top 10 countries for Foreign direct investment. Although not in the front line, it has become an attractive destination for foreign investment. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Contrast Of Dividend Policies Of Indian Companies" essay for you Create order Indiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economic policies are tailored to attract substantial capital inflows and to sustain such inflows of capital. Policy initiatives taken over a period of years have resulted in significant capital inflows of foreign investment in all areas of economy including the public sector. This paper analysis the structure of economic reforms during the pre- independence and post independence era in the context of growth of foreign direct investment and the risks posed by the political, economic and social conditions for foreign investors. Essentially, this research seeks to analyze and understand the economics and politics of Indiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s progressive integration with the global economy. Prior to understanding the economic progress of India, it is vital to first identify the current economic status of India so that it is easy to retrace the process leading to the current status. India presently enjoys the status of an attractive emerging market. However, this status has been the result of numerous economic reforms adopted over the years. India intent to open its markets to foreign investment can be traced back to the economic reforms adopted during two prime periods- pre- independence and post independence. Pre- independence, industrialised economies of India was the supplier of foodstuff and raw materials to the of the world and was the exporter of finished products- the economy lacked the skill and means to convert raw materials to finished products.Post independence with the advent of economic planning and reforms in 1951, the traditional role played changes and there was remarkable economic growth and development. International trade grew with the establishment of the WTO. India is now a part of the global economy. Outside world is now linked with india either through direct involvement in international trade or through direct linkages with export and economic transaction. Consequently economic reforms were introduced initially on a moderate scale and controls on industries were substantially reduced by 1985 industrial policy. This set the trend for more innovative economic reforms and they got a boost with the announcement of the landmark economic reforms in 1991. After nearly five decades of insulation from world markets, state controls and slow growth, India in 1991 embarked on an accelerated process of liberalization. The 1991 reforms ensured that the way for India to progress will be through globalization, privatisation, and liberalisation. In this new regime, the government is now assuming the role of facilitator and catalyst agent instead of the regulator and controller of economic activities. India has a number of advantages which make it an attractive market for foreign capital namely, political stability in democratic polity, steady and sustained economic growth and development, significantly huge domestic market, access to skilled and technical manpower at competitive rates, fairly well developed infrastructure. FDI has attained the status of being of global importance because of its beneficial use as an instrument for global economic integration. 1.2 STOCK MARKET WORKING OF STOCK MARKET REGULATION OF FRAMEWORK WHY DO PEOPLE INVEST MONEY IN SHARES? WHY VOLATILITY IN STOCK MARKET OCCUR? HOW MONEY IS MADE IN STOCK MARKET? ECONOMIC ROLE OF STOCK MARKET Now the market is further divided into PRIMARY MARKET and SECONDARY MARKET. PRIMARY MARKET Deals with the new issues of securities. SECONDARY MARKET Deals with outstanding securities. Also known as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“STOCK MARKETà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. 1.3 TRANSLUCENSE OF EQUITY MARKET: MARKET SECURITY BOND/DEBENTHERS STOCK TREND 1) COMMON STOCKS 2) PREFERRED STOCKS SHARE MUTUAL FUNDS. PAR VALUE vs. MARKET VALUE BULLISH vs. BEARISH FUNCTIONS OF STOCK MARKET? Stock exchanges Brokers Registrars Depositories and their participants Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) MARKET INDICES: Stock market indices are the indicators of the stock market. Some of the market indices types are BSE SENSEX, NSE-50 etc. Their usefulness: Board trends of the market can be recognize by indices. The funds are rationally allocated by the investors among stock by using indices. Future market can be predict by analyst using indices. The general economy report can be made on the basis of indices. RISING IN STOCK PRICES? Possible reasons for the increment and decrement of rising prices: Company News. Country News. Foreign Exchange rate . Depends upon the market forces i.e demand and supply of stock. 1.4 Research Aims The primary aim of this research is to develop an elaborate discussion on how Stock market works and to give the main concepts of Stock market and give the technical analysis of Indian stock market and shares. 1.5 Research Objectives The following will be the objectives of the study: 1) To describe the Trends of Stock market of India, 2) To identify the Stock behaviour at various time slots, 3) To examine and analyse strategies adopted to make money in Stock market, 4) To identify the role of market activities on economy, 1.6 Research Questions The following are the research questions of the study: 1). How many Exchanges are there in India? 2). what is an Index How does one execute an order? 3).Why Stock market is so volatile? 4). Computation of Stock Index? 5). Shareholder Protection and Stock Market Development? 1.7 A selective review of the literature There has been considerable research that seeks to identify the determinants of corporate Dividend policy. One branch of this literature has focused on an agency-related rationale for paying dividends. It is based on the idea that monitoring of the firm and its management is helpful in reducing agency conflicts and in convincing the market that the managers are not in a position to abuse their position. Some shareholders may be monitoring manage rs, but the problem of collective action results in too little monitoring taking place. Thus Easterbrook (1984) suggests that one way of solving this problem is by increasing the payout ratio. When the firm increases its dividend payment, assuming it wishes to proceed with planned investment, it is forced to go to the capital market to raise additional finance. This induces monitoring by potential investors of the firm and its management, thus reducing agency problems. Rozeff (1982) develops a model that underpins this theory, called the cost minimisation model. The model combines the transaction costs that may be controlled by limiting the payout ratio, with the agency costs that may be controlled by raising the payout ratio. The central idea on which the model rests is that the optimal payout ratio is at the level where the sum of these two types of costs is minimized. Thus Rozeffà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s cost minimisation model is a regression of the firm target payout ratio on five variables that proxy for agency and transaction costs. Transaction costs in the model are represented by three variables that proxy for the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s historic and predicted growth rates and risk. High growth and high risk imply greater dependency on external finance due to investment needs, and in order to honor financial obligations, respectively. This, in turn, means, that the firm raises external finance more frequently, hence bears higher transaction costs that are associated with raising external finance. The model captures agency costs with two proxies. First, the fraction of the firm owned by insiders is a proxy for insider ownership and is expected to be negatively related to the target payout ratio. As insiders hold more of a firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s equity, the need to monitor their actions is reduced because the incentive for managers to misuse corpor ate resources falls. Second, the natural logarithm of the number of outside shareholders is a proxy for ownership dispersion. It is expected to be positively related to the target payout ratio because the greater the dispersion, the more severe is the collective action problem of monitoring. Indeed results from an Ordinary Least Squares (OLSQ) cross sectional regression using 1981 data on 1000 US firms, support the theory put forward. Thus the model provides good fit and consequently has attracted the attention of subsequent studies. Llyod, Jahera and Page (1985) is one of the first studies to modify Rozeffà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s cost minimisation model by adding a size variable. An OLSQ cross sectional regression is applied to 1984 data on 957 US firms, and the results provide support for the cost minimisation model and show that firm size is an important explanatory variable. Likewise Schooley and Barney (1994) add a squared measure for insider ownership, arguing that the relationship between dividend and insider ownership may be non-monotonic. Indeed the results from an OLSQ cross sectional regression, using 1980 data on 235 industrial US firms, provide further support for Rozeffà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s model in general and for the hypothesis put forward in particular. More support and further contribution to the agency theory of dividend debate, is provided by Mohà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢d, Perry and Rimbey (1995). These authors introduce a number of modifications to the cost minimisation model including industry dummies, institutional holdings and a lagged dependent variable to the RHS of the equation to address possible dynamics. The results of a Weighted Least Squares regression, employing panel data on 341 US firms over 18 years from 1972 to 1989 support the view that the dividend process is of a dynamic nature. The estimated coefficient on the institutional ownership variable is positive and significant, which is in line with tax explanations but contradicts the idea about the monitoring function of institutions. Holder, Langrehr and Hexter (1998) extend the cost minimisation model further by considering conflicts between the firm and its non-equity stakeholders and by introducing free cash flow as an additional agency variable. The study utilises panel data on 477 US firms each with 8 years of observations, from 1983 to 1990. The results show a positive relation between the dependent variable and the free cash flow variable, which is consistent with Jensen (1986). Likewise the estimated coefficient on the stakeholder theory variable is shown to be significant and negative as predicted. The estimated coefficients on all the other explanatory variables are also shown to be statistically significant and to bear the hypothesized signs. Hansen, Kumar and Shome (1994) also take a broader view of what constitutes agency costs, and applies a variant of the cost minimisation model to the regulated electric utility industry. The prediction is that the agency rationale for dividend should be particularly applicable in the case of regulated firms because agency costs in these firms extend to conflicts of interests between shareholders and regulators. Results of cross sectional OLSQ regression for a sample of 81 US utilities and for the period ending 1985 support the cost minimisation model and the contribution of regulation to agency conflicts in the firm. Another innovative approach to Rozeffà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s cost minimisation model is offered in Rao and White (1994) who apply it to 66 private US firms. Using a limited dependent variable, Maximum Likelihood (ML) technique, the study shows that an agency rationale for dividends applies even to private firms that do not participate in the capital market. The authors note that perhaps by paying dividends, private firms can still induce monitoring by bankers, Accountants and tax authorities. To summarize, the agency theory of dividend in general, and the cost minimization model in particular, appear to offer a good description of how dividend policies are determined. The variables in the original cost minimisation model remain significant with consistently signed estimated coefficients, across the other six models reviewed above. Specifically, the constant is, without exception, positively related to the dividend policy decision, while the agency costs variable, the fraction of insider ownership, is consistently negatively related to the firmsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ dividend policy. The latter is with exception of the study by Schooley and Barney (1994) where the relationship is found to be of a parabolic nature. Similarly, the agency cost variable, ownership dispersion, is consistently positively related to the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s dividend policy, while the transaction cost variable, risk, is consistently negatively related to the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s dividend policy regardless of the precise proxy used. The other transaction cost proxies, the growth variables, are also mainly significant and negatively related to the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s dividend policy, although past growth appears to be a less stable measure than future growth. However, in spite of the apparent goodness of fit of the cost minimisation model to US data, its applicability to the Indian case may be challenged. Indeed, Samuel (1996) hypothesises that agency problems are less severe in India compared with the US. In contrast, it may be argued that some aspects of the Indian economy imply a particular suitability of the agency theory, and of the cost minimisation model, to this economy. Notably, as explained in Haque (1999), many developing countries, including India,established state-centred regimes following their independence. These regimes drew their ideology from socialist and Soviet ideas and were accompanied by highly centralized economic policies, which may increase agency costs in at least three ways as follows. First, such policies may increase managersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ agency behavior per se. Indeed Joshi and Little (1997) note that when domestic firms enjoy subsidies or a policy of protectionism, the pressure on managers to become more efficient is relaxed. Second, high state intervention means an extension of agency problems to shareholder-administrator conflicts. Indeed, Hansen, Kumar and Shome (1994) show that the degree of industry regulation enters the dividend policy decision. Third, to the extent that management of the economy is based on social philosophies of protecting the weaker sectors such as employees or poorer customers, this may influence managers to consider the interests of non-equity stakeholders. This all method of stock can also been seen that the ups and down in the stock market is only the gamme of risk but if we discussed and see the main game is played by a mathematician who play the whole game behind the market and people are unaware of these things they are only focusing on there on shares and now be more effective due to the ups and downs in the rate of the stock market. This implies that stakeholder theory should be particularly relevant to the Indian case, and, as shown by Holder, Langrehr and Hexter (1998) this may lead to a downward pressure on dividend levels. However, the relevance of stakeholder theory to the Indian case also implies enlargement of agency problems to conflicts of interests among capital holders and other shareholders, increasing the need for shareholders to monitor management behaviour. It is thus the case that on the one hand stands the prediction by Samuel (1996) that agency costs should be lower in the Indian business environment. This implies that the agency rationale for dividends should be less applicable in the case of India. To contrast this, the agency rationale for dividends is predicted to become particularly applicable to India, due to the extension of agency conflicts on at least three accounts as explained above. An empirical procedure is the natural way to settle these differences and it is to this task that we now turn. 1.8 Overview of the Dissertation Chapter 1 is a general summary and a brief introduction of the study. It mapped out the research aims, research objectives and research questions. It also suggests topics for complementing research, and an overview of the dissertation. Chapter 2 will be the review of the related literature that will put the study in context with the research aims. It will proceed with addressing the research objectives, thereby meeting the research aims. Chapter 3 will present a detailed picture of the methodology. Chapter 4 will expound on the discussions of the study and the final chapter shall present the conclusions and recommendations of the study. 1.9 Conclusion The study develops an elaborate discussion on how to effectively be in the Stock market and a brief discussion on Stock market of India such that results favourable to it will commence using empirical data from secondary documents. Chapter 2 Dividend behaviour of Indian firms after share split 2.1 DIVIDEND BEHAVIOR As we have to discussed in this section about the dividend behaviour so it can be discussed,dividend policy remains a source of prolonged public disagreement despite years of theoretical and practical research, one aspect of dividend policy is the link between dividend policy and stock price risk . Risk can be reduced by paying large dividends (Golin 1986) and is a proxy for the later on earnings (Basken, 1990). Many theoretical mechanisms have been given advice that cause dividend policy and payout rolls to vary directly with common stock volatility. These are the effect of duration, effect of rate of return , pricing effect and information effect. Duration effect complies that high dividend rolls give more near the amount of money being transferred. If dividend policy is stably high dividend stocks will have a shorter time. Gordon john Model can be used to suggest so that high-dividend will be less intensive to Rise and fall irregularly in number or amount in discount rates and thu s ought to show higher price volatility. Now we can also take a look on some agency type reports being played in stock market agency cost argument, as developed by Johnson and Micken (1970), that is payment of dividends people motivates managers to remove sediment cash which is invested below at the cost of capital or waste on it on organizational capabilities (Roeff, 1991 and Eastrbrook 1990). Many authors have pressure the importance of facts content of dividend (Daniel and Thomson, 1989; Bern, Mosey 1989). Diller and Rack (1986) suggested that dividend announces provide the missing cuts of Facts and figures about the firm and allows the market to tell about the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s current savings. The main thing in the dividend policies is that if one company suggests the rate of its share too low all the investors which want to purchase the shares are the same as the stake holders are willing to do so and that back in the loop. Investors may have greater trust on that reported earnings reflect economic profits and loss statements when announcements are as a companion or escort by sample dividends. If investors are more certain in their suggestion, they may ere act less to questionable sources of facts and figures and their main theme value may be insulated from irrational development, or behavior. The best discussion be made on this topic can be emphasized as rate and effect of market rate of return effect, as discussed by Godin (1967), is that a firm with low payroll and high dividend interest may tend to be valued more in terms of future investment chances (Daisy, 1965). As a result, its stock price may be more intensive to changing rates of return over rare time intervals. Volatility Index is a major tool of measuring marketà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s expectation of volatility over the next term. Volatility is often described as the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“rate and magnitude of changes in pricesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? and in stock often suggest to as risk. Volatility Index is a measure, of the amount by which an Index is expected to change over the time, in the next term, (calculated as analyzed volatility, denoted in percentage e.g. 40%) based on the order book of the index options. Fama (1992) and Fames and French (1995).People were speechless, many broke. 2.2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND MODEL SPECIFICATION 2.2(a) Control variables: Share price ups and downs should be relevant to the basic risks ensured in the product markets. There is a impact of stock marketà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s risk on the firms dividend policy. Volatility Index is a good indicator of the investorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ behavior on how markets are expected to be changed in the next term. Usually, during periods of market volatility, market moves steeply up or down And the volatility index tends to rise. As volatility subsides, option prices tend to Decline, which in turn causes volatility index to decline. The information of the less listed firms the market in the stocks of small listed firms, more illiquid, and as a complicated subject to greater price in the ups an down of the stock market. Baskin (1985) suggests that firms with a more deplored body of stakeholders may be more disposed off towards using dividend policy as a device for signaling. Function of size and thus a size control was required in the form of latter. A value of 2 indicates there appears to be no distortion. Small values of d indicate relevant and supporting error terms are, on average, close in value to one another, or positively corrected .It is also possible that main and important differences in market hall hull, cost effectiveness, restrictions in varying infrastructure etc. This all lead to differences in dividend policy. These also have impact on ups and downs of the share prices in the stock. 2.2(b) Variable definition Price volatility (PV) The policy of central planning adopted by the government sought to ensure that the government laid down marked goals to be achieved by the economy thereby establishing a regime of checks and balances. The government also encouraged self sufficiency with the intent to encourage the domestic industries and enterprises, thereby reducing the dependence on foreign trade. Although, initially these policies were extremely successful as the economy did have a steady economic growth and development, they werenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t sustained. Square root transformation can be used to show the average measures of variance for all available years and can be transformed to a standard deviation. Parkison (1982) describes the method of closing and opening prices how this method is very easy to the traditional method of summation. 2.2(c) Dividend yield Policy (DYP) The variable has been calculated by the summation of all the annual cash which have to paid to common stake holders and then dividing this sum by the average stockà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s value of the stock in the year. The government approached the World Bank and the IMF for funding. In keeping with their policies there was expectation of devaluation of the rupee. This lead to a lack of confidence in the investors and foreign exchange reserves declined. 2.2(d) Earning volatility Of Stock (EV) In order to develop our sense about this variable, the first step is to get an approximate average of available years of the ratio of last year going earnings (before taxes and interest) to intellectual assets. In order to compare the shocks to US markets over countries and the sample period, it is Necessary to impart shocks of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“same magnitudeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Since financial markets are volatile, it Would be misleading to compare shocks of the same nominal magnitude across different Periods of time. Thus, the responses of the Asian markets have been tracked to a one standard Deviation shock in the US variable. 2.2(e) Payout Ratio (POR) When total dividend exceeds total cumulative profit than payout ratio is set to one. From begin the total cumulative self owned company earnings were calculated for all years. The ratio of total dividends to total earnings is payout. The use of this procedure controls the problem of extreme values in individual years attributed to low or possibly negatively effect on the net income. 2.2(f) Size (SZ) The variable was so made by taking the average market value of common stocks. The variable size was also think in a form that gives impact in the order of magnitude in real terms. 2.2(g) Long-term Debt (DA) Sum of all the long-term debt (debt with maturity more than a year) to total assets is taken as a ratio. An average is taken over all available years. 2.2(h) Growth in Assets (ASG) The ratio of the change in total assets in a year was taken by the early growth. Then the ratio was averaged over the years. 2.3 Conclusion In this chapter Present day India enjoys the status of an emerging market. Skilled and managerial labor and technical man-power are such as that they match the best available in the world. Urban middle-high class people has been targeted from the chasing of the market these people did not know about the superior brands and ups and down of the market the status of people very much matter in the stock market. A combination of these factors contributes to India having a distinct and a cutting edge in the globe. India has been termed as the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"stealthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ miracle economy of the new millennium. We observe a common pattern of triggered by changes in the market and technological environment. Changes adopts in the form of innovation, avoidance and of regulation.

Edgar Allan Poe s Annabel Lee - 913 Words

Another one of Edgar Allen Poe famous poems was â€Å"Annabel Lee†. â€Å"Annabel Lee† was written in 1849 shortly after the death of Poe’s wife. Annabel Lee tells a story about a narrator s painful memory and also explains his love and devotion to his long lost love, Annabel (Empric 1). The narrator discusses how the two grew up together and the love they had for each other was real and exclusive. The narrator goes on to share his belief that the â€Å"angels above were the cause of Annabel s death, killing her out of jealousy† (1). The narrator also states that his love for Annabel will never die, and as time goes by it will only grow stronger. Through the use of imagery, symbols and theme, every day the narrator is reminiscing the presence of Annabel to the point that he lies at her grave every night, hoping Annabel is there. In this poem Edgar Allan Poe uses visual and tactile imagery to describe the narrator’s everlasting love for Annabel Lee. The use of imagery not only portrays the strength towards the narrator’s love, but also let the reader to experience the love and the pain of Annabel Lee death (Empric 1). For example, the opening stanza â€Å"in a kingdom by the sea† (Poe â€Å"Annabel Lee† 2) the visual imagery presents a castle that sits on a edge by the sea, which displays a feeling of beauty and royal romance which aids to the feeling of the everlasting love present throughout the poem. Also presenting an image of as a fairy tale or fantasy when the narrators states that â€Å"I wasShow MoreRelatedEdgar Allan Poe s Annabel Lee908 Words   |  4 Pagessignify his love. In Edgar Allan Poe’s â€Å"Annabel Lee†, the themes of love and abandonment are explored through literary elements of symbolism, imagery and repetition in order to create a mystical fa iry tale for a long lost lover. Poe sets the background stating both lovers are children-like and their love is untainted innocent affection. While being young, the narrator tries to explain to the readers that their love wasn’t not just lust but actual love for his lost Annabel Lee. The use of symbolismRead MoreAnalysis Of Edgar Allan Poe s The Raven And Annabel Lee884 Words   |  4 PagesWhen studying Edgar Allan Poe’s The Raven and Annabel Lee, the reader is struck by many similarities and differences. Both focus on the sorrow and loss of losing a loved one. Both deal with the heartache and grief associated with the search for understanding why the loss occurred. Both have an almost gothic, sad, unearthly feel to them. However, while the theme of The Raven and Annabel Lee is very similar, Poe uses a very different tone in the two poems to portray his feelings. The difference inRead MoreThe Power Of Dark Love1217 Words   |  5 Pagesgood† (Browning, lines 36-37). Both Robert Browning and Edgar Allan Poe share a love for the themes of obsession, desire, and complicated love. Each of those three themes play an important role in dark love poetry. Each poet describes the main character in their poems as a woman worthy of the speaker’s obses sive, complicated, and desirable love. Both Robert Browning’s tragic â€Å"Porphyria’s Lover† and Edgar Allan Poe’s mysterious â€Å"Annabel Lee† explore the theme of dark and obsessive love through theirRead MoreLiterary Devices Used By Edgar Allan Poe986 Words   |  4 Pagespoet that uses such intricate writing in his poems is Edgar Allan Poe. Edgar Allan Poe uses several different literary devices in his major 1849 poem Annabel Lee. In his text he incorporates theme with imagery, symbolism, and form. These literary devices help lead the audience to the understanding of the overall meaning of the poem. Edgar Allan Poe s use of symbolism allows for the audience to understand how this gentleman feels about Annabel Lee. In the poem, the author uses symbolism when the narratorRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe s Poetry1327 Words   |  6 PagesThis research paper will focus on Edgar Allan Poe’s poetry. In Charles May’s bibliography of Poe, he states that â€Å"Poe gained great recognition in the early 1840’s for his creation of a genre that has grown in popularity ever since — the tale of ratiocination, or detective story, which features an amateur sleuth who by his superior deductive abilities outsmarts criminals and outclasses the police.† Along with creating the detective genre, he also created a more modern science fiction genre when heRead MoreEssay about Annabel Lee, Edgar Allan Poe1009 Words   |  5 Pagespieced together to make a rhyme, and evokes true emotion that is palpable. One of the most influential authors that contributed to this experience was Edgar Allan Poe. His work is almost immediately recognizable due to his common motif that is both melancholy and mysterious. Much of his writing concerns love and loss, such as in his poem â€Å"Annabel Lee.† The essence of this work is endless love and the death of a beautiful young girl. It is thought by many that most of his literature mirrors his actualRead MoreAnalysis Of `` Annabel Lee By Edgar Allan Poe1235 Words   |  5 Pagesthan love (Poe Line 9). Love is one of the most important things to have in life, whether it is with family, friends, or that special someone, but that does not mean it will be perfect because everyone has problems. Love can be complicated; it may not be defined so easily or fit the normal standard of love. Sometimes love comes with a desire or an obsession. The inspiration of Annabel Lee by Edgar Allan Poe was inspired by the women that had passed away in his life, but since Poe had writtenRead MoreWhy Should We Care?1748 Words   |  7 PagesWhy Should We Care?: Edgar Allan Poe â€Å"Few creatures of the night have captured [reader’s] imagination[s] like [Edgar Allan Poe]† (â€Å"Vampires†). Poe has fascinated the literary world since he first became known for writing in 1829, when he was just twenty years old (Chronology†). While he is widely known for exploring the macabre, his work is controversial because of its psychologically disturbing nature. Edgar Allan Poe is worth examining as an author because his many contributions to the literaryRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe s `` The Famous American Poet ``1086 Words   |  5 Pages Edgar Allan Poe, the famous American poet, short-story writer, and critic is best known for his bizarre but transformative horror stories, and for creating genres including detective fiction. The life of Edgar Allan Poe was filled with tragedies and was very depressing; because of this, he was inspired to write such dark stories. He wrote time and time again about his love and his loss. His work collectively illustrates the story of his life. Although he did create original storylines in his workRead MoreAnalysis Of Edgar Allan Poe s The Cask Of Amontillado Essay1267 Words   |  6 Pagessignificance of Edgar Allan Poe s style of writing, which commands the use of both death and love most frequently throughout his works, are what really made his literary works become so well known. The nature of death and on questions about the afterlife is usually Poe’s main focus in most of his literary works. A woman who has died at the height of her youth and beauty, leaving a lover b ehind to mourn. Death and Love, these two main themes are discussed throughout Edgar Allan Poe s literary work